Polit and Beck Framework Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically Evaluate the Research Elements using the Critical Evaluation tool with reference to a range of recent, relevant and Scholarly Literature. Answer: Introduction: Different types of critical appraisal frameworks have been provided by different researchers over time which had been of immense important of nursing students. Some of them are the Polit and Beck framework which helps in evaluating the main components of both qualitative as well as quantitative studies. The framework sets of questions for each component helping the students to follow a sequential step to critic a paper. Another tool that is also used as well as referred by eminent researchers is the Casp tool (Ulman, Cookie Rickard, 2015). It has separate form of checklists for systematic tools; randomized trial, case control checklist and many others. Since it has separate checklist for different studies, it often helps in getting accurate answers and thereby helps the student to arrange her critical appraisal in the best accurate and up to date information. The journal Annals of Emergency Medicine is a journal that mainly publishes works of eminent researchers in the field of emer gency medicine mainly but also includes works in pediatric emergency, disaster management, health policy, toxicology and many others. Although is the official journal of American college of Emergency Physicians, yet it invited interesting researchers internationally. Science Citation Index states that it has the highest votes among all its competitors stating that it is the best among the 25 competitors it has in emergency medicine. The impact factor which the commonest form of measurement of influence is 5.0008 which is quite high among all its contemporaries competing in the market for 9.6 years whereas it nearest competitor is only 5.1 years old. Therefore the journal can be trusted and would be selected. The author Dr. Simon Budgen is the Emergency physician of the Caboolture Hospital coming under the Metro north hospitals and the Health Service. He conducts a research team and always remains in search of finding out new ways to reduce various difficulties occurring in Emergency departments. He had stated that australin hospitals provide 10 million and US hospitals provide 300 million IV lines and hence his new research is found to help in dislodgement of the device giving a path breaking idea to overcome difficulties in placing such device in patients. Title and abstract: The title of the paper had been apt as it gives an idea about the research aim and the result that the researchers have obtained. The aim was clearly describes with the headings as goal thereby helping a reader to get an idea about the initiatives of the researchers. The abstract was short but had all proper information about the trial that the research team had conducted with the correct procedures and covering the important findings in short (Farris et al., 2015). Structuring of the study: The research has a negative aspect in the sense that it did not provided a proper literature review about the issue that the researchers have depicted in the case. A literature review often sets the tone of the research by accumulating the different information about the issue that had been found out by different researchers over the years. Not only the work of the other researchers, it also forms a background depicting why the issue has become a concern in the present days. The researchers have only provided a short paragraph where they have paid importance to the different effects that failure of proper dislodgement of the IV lines can result in. however the researchers have provided a literature review in order to express the concerns of other researchers and what they feel about the issue and also the different works that they have done in the field. The brief part that the authors have provided consisted of very few references (Zhang et al., 2016). The articles that they have se lected are all recent articles and hence the information provided is mostly recent and therefore has high level of credibility. Only four of them are found to be older than 2010 but are after 2005. Hence very old articles are completely excluded. This is a very good aspect as it shows that the information they have included are recent and thereby increases the strength of the research. Moreover, the short paragraph that they have provided as importance only creates the background which supports the research that they have concluded but does not shed any light about the works that other authors have done to prevent the failure of the IV lines. They have not also highlighted the other methods like polyurethrane dressing tape that have been used for long and why they are not enough to support the peripheral intravenous catheters (Edwards et al., 2014). The investigation was mainly carried out by dividing the patients into a control group with devices attached by only polyurethrane dres sing tape and the other group which include the application of both polyurethrane dressing tape and skin glue that is composed of cyanoacrylate glue. The entire procedure could not be approached in a blinded manner as the glue was colored and could be easily understood. The method selected by the authors was not only easy and created less discomfort for the patients. The author had also provided a picturesque view of the tracking of the patients who had enrolled for the test and also shows the number of patients who had been analyzed to get the results. The researcher has correctly established the relationship between attachment by the use of glue with that of proper placement and safe procedure of peripheral intravenous catheter and therefore although they had not mentioned any hypothesis but they have rightly designed a method which will help them to gain ideas about the topics. Sample: The patients were selected depending upon proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. The criteria were properly mentioned that helped the readers in understanding the types of patients that they have not taken like agitated patients. Agitated patients have strength to forcefully remove the catheter even when skin glue is provided and such instances were correctly excluded (Reynolds et al., 2015). The sample was described at the patients who required hospitals after emergency admissions and those who were discharged were excluded. A tracking data was provided which showed clearly the number of patients at the enrollment, allocation, follow up as well as analysis which helped in understanding the number of patients who had been included in the research. However total number of patients was not mentioned in the sampling section but again mentioned in result section thereby showing a disorganized approach in jotting down information. Data collection: It has been astonishing to see that such an interesting paper published completely lacks a properly explained data collection method. It had been already seen that the study has not followed a proper procedure that is important to be included in recent nursing journals. They have not clearly stated and described their data collection method. However they have put some amount of information in the sample; paragraph where they have stated that there were three important nurses out of whom one of them were always on spot to carry a screening procedure. These three trained ED nurses were engaged in the screening technique for about 16 hours in each day for 7 days a week. The entire screening mechanism was not at all discussed and as a result it becomes difficult to assess the strength of the experiments (Ricahrd et al., 2015). Moreover, it cannot be also understood the type of screening that they had used and whether they have thoroughly followed the procedure in great details. Therefore , it is a negative aspect of the research article as the data collection method is clearly not stated and therefore one cannot develop the authenticity of the procedure. Therefore information about the instruments, the measurement procedure, and the reliability on these factors could not be assessed. It was only noted that the nurse had conducted chat reviews, standard patient questionnaire and also direct visualization. However, it was again inserted into outcome session rather than incorporating it into the data collection section (Heinrichs et al., 2013). Data analysis: The data analysis was conducted entirely in the software based programs on the ipad with the help of form connect software which was subsequently exported to Stata version. However, before that complete details have been provided in the form of primary outcomes which showed that the rate of PICV failure within 48 hours to be higher in control groups than in the intervention groups. In the data analysis section, all the important information like sample size of each group (174), 80 % power (alpha= .05), 11% and 4% failure rate in control and intravenous groups, all were incorporated in the software. Unit of measurement, analysis blanks were all filled up in the software. Absolute differences of the outcome rates were calculated with 95% confidence. A detailed report had been provided which showed that each and every symptom like phlebitis, dislodgement, occlusion, infection al were very less in case of intervention groups. They have also provided the data in a detailed version so that there remains no confusion among the readers (Shookoohi et al., 2013). The data analysis part is very apt with the entire research procedure as it had helped correctly in linking with the main question that whether skin glue is effective in reducing PICV failure in patients (Reynold et al., 2015). Findings: The findings of the result are much expected and occurred according to the guesses and expectation of the researchers. All the secondary as well as primary outcomes were clearly backed up by the data that had been provided by the software as all the important symptoms were correctly measured against the confident level and had shown that the data had been supporting the researchers claims (Marsh et al., 2015). The results were clearly stated and each had shown that the rate had decreased with the introduction of skin glue in the intervention group. Limitation shad also been clearly stated by the researchers themselves where they had described the limitations in details. First limitation was that it was not blinded but the situation of the experiment is such that blinding could give no important result as the glue was colored and could be seen by everybody. Different types of sclerotic medications, anticoagulants, unmeasured dwell times, catheter accesses were not properly addressed a nd hence it acted as limitations. Direct visualization was not conducted to patients who got discharge and they were talked over telephone. This might also have led to different information and might have different effects on the main result (Sabri et al., 2013). The researchers have clearly implicated those how such results many help in providing the better healthcare environment ensuring not only safety for the patients but also ensures less staff time for each of the patients. He has provided a detailed discussion about how such use of skin glue can actively help in developing a secure healthcare practice that will harm to patients when much time is provided by the staffs in resetting the catheter in emergency situation increasing the risk of the threats for the patients in emergency situation. Conclusion: The entire paper is considered to be an important contribution in the field f emergency medicine where it has helped in solving major issue that has been faced by different healthcare practitioners in the emergency department. Therefore use of skin glue that is mainly used in developing the condition of wounds, cut and others in the attachment of the PIVC with that of the patients so that failure does not occur in the first 48 hours. This will reduce not only excess cost of attaching it to the patients but also ensures less infection, phlebitis, occlusion and others. This promotes the overall health of the patients and provides patient satisfaction. Relevance with clinical studies: According to Helm et al., (2015), a large number of complications are associated with the failure of catheter. Even some best of the hands often contribute to such failure and the failure rate is considered to be ranging from 35% to that of 50% as well. The cost associated with the insertion of the catheter, the other practices associated with it like dressing, needless connector, dedicated stabilization device and also extension tubing have a high cost (Keogh et al., 2016). Now, when such a costly procedure fails, the cost of identifying, removing, reinserting the failed catheter needs to be applied and as a result the associated cost also increases to a high extent. A failure of one such peripheral intravenous catheter initiates a negative cycle which includes removal of catheter as well as its reinsertions and moreover this gain increases the risk of failure for each subsequent catheter (Webster et al., 2015). In course of time the situations get worsen leading to the need of repl acement for risky, invasive as well as costly venous access devices. Researchers have noted several catheter related disorders that hampers the health of the patients and only increase the disease burden affecting quality health of patients (Helm et al., 2015). They have mentioned disorders like catheter related phlebitis, infiltration, occlusion or mechanical failure, dislodgement of catheter and other related microbial infections. Over the years, a large number of different techniques have been taken but that had only acted as compensatory for the shortcomings of the failure of catheters. Such techniques which are used are the prevention of the needle sticks mainly by the use of safety needle containment devices along with adhesive film dressings. Others include application of add-on devices. These were thought to improve secure-ment and at the same time will help in decreasing vessel trauma. However, this process had not been enough successful and patient satisfaction could not b e met (Maylon et al., 2014). Use of antimicrobial-impregnated dressings of the catheter along with that of the adjuncts was also tried but results have not been satisfactory. Therefore this had resulted scientists to be in a state of concern about how to provide the best cost effective service to that of the patients that will not only be safe but ill also ensure that long-term peripheral IV catheter care. Hence the new way that had been provided by the authors of the paper had been found to correctly refer to each of the adverse situations that arise from failures of the catheter and had correctly covered them with their own interventions of applying skin glue (Wallis et al., 2014). These interventions had been seen to reduce the rate of such symptoms occurring in patients and ensure the decrease in rate of failures making emergency department more secured and more efficient towards service of patient. References: Edwards, M., Rickard, C. M., Rapchuk, I., Corley, A., Marsh, N., Spooner, A. J., ... Fraser, J. F. 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(2013). Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access program is associated with a marked reduction in central venous catheter use in noncritically ill emergency department patients.Annals of emergency medicine,61(2), 198-203. Ullman, A. J., Cooke, M., Rickard, C. M. (2015). Examining the role of securement and dressing products to prevent central venous access device failure: a narrative review.Journal of the Association for Vascular Access,20(2), 99-110. Wallis, M. C., McGrail, M., Webster, J., Marsh, N., Gowardman, J., Playford, E. G., Rickard, C. M. (2014). Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter failure: a multivariate analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(01), 63-68. Webster, J., Osborne, S., Rickard, C. M., New, K. (2015). Clinically?indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters.The Cochrane Library. 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