Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex Model

Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex Model Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyse the predictive capabilities of the Simulex model, used to simulate the movement of people in evacuation simulations. Other evacuation models used within the fire engineering community, i.e. Firewind WayOut and simple hand flow calculations, provide quick and easy access to a reasonable estimate for a required movement time for egress in a building. This study will help to reveal whether the additional data used within the Simulex methodology aids the user in reaching a more accurate overall estimate. This will be done by carrying out a number of evacuation scenarios and comparing the results collected using the Firewind WayOut model and hand calculations. A multi storey hotel tower will be used to carry out the study. The outcome of the study will help to calibrate the components of the human behaviour in the Simulex model, as it is suggested that Simulex enables you to simulate occupant behaviour in the event of a building evacuation (IES, Sim ulex simulation of occupant evacuation). A considerable amount of study has been carried out on all aspects of human evacuation from emergency situations, and the affects of human behaviour on evacuation times can be seen as a major factor in terms of life safety. The majority of movement models to date take into account little consideration of the behavioural aspects of the occupants under emergency and focus their work on the flow of occupants. An evaluation of the results gathered in this study will help to show whether Simulex takes occupants-occupants interaction into account. Studies carried out in the past have revealed that occupant evacuation times are highly dependent on their perceived threat of the fire event. Appearance, proximity, propagation, time, and toxic gases of the fire threat also tend to predispose the individual to a higher level of behavioral activity, again depending upon the individuals perception of these threat variables. Thus, occupants located in close proximity to a developing fire, and with clear sensual links with smoke and heat, are likely to react more speedily than those who are reacting solely on alarm signals (John L. Bryan, Human Behavior and Fire). The importance of such an analysis tool is becoming essential in building design as regulation moves to a more performance based system. The purpose of this dissertation is to outline the methodology used within the Simulex model. The outputs determined by each of the models can then be compared along with the hand calculation work carried out. A sensitivity analysis will be performed for the Simulex model and this will help provide a clear evaluation of its predictive potential. Aim To evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Simulex movement model by carrying out both sensitivity and comparative analysis from results gained using the Firewind WayOut movement models and simple hand flow calculations. To gauge the effectiveness of the additional methodological approach taken by Simulex in gaining an overall more accurate estimate. Objectives Carry out a literature review of papers available which cover all aspects of building evacuation. Estimate crowd densities for use as input assumptions for Simulex, Firewind WayOut and hand calculations. Evaluate the model outputs and make a comparison between the methodologies adopted by each of the models. Conclusions should be formed on the basis of this evaluation. Carry out a sensitive analysis of both the Simulex and WayOut models. This can be achieved by altering the user input data to see how this effects the overall evacuation times. Gauge the predictive capabilities of each of the models in terms of how all aspects of building evacuation are taken into account. Investigate how the Simulex model attempts to deal with merging behaviours in a staircase. This will be carried out in reference to the information gained from previous work detailed in the literature review Provide concluding statements with reference to the results gained using the Simulex model. This should include an insight into whether the results gained using this method provide a more accurate estimate of the likely real life evacuation time. Methodology Carry out a literature review of the existing information available which relates to building evacuation and evacuation modeling. Factors to consider include a detailed evaluation of all aspects which affect the evacuation procedures of occupants i.e. affects of alarms, pre-movement times, human behaviour, crowd dynamics, and travel times. A study will be required relating to the current scope of movement models used within the fire engineering community. The methodologies used within the Simulex and the Firewind WayOut models will be studied and form part of the literature review. This will highlight all the differences and similarities between the methodologies incorporated into the tools. This information will be of significant importance when analysing the output data and forming any conclusions. Choose a suitable building design which can be used to carry out the study. The chosen building has been selected as the multi-storey hotel tower, Shibboleth project. Further information of the building will be provided further on in the text. CAD drawings of the Shibboleth hotel tower are required as this design will form the basis of the study. A collection of CAD drawings showing the Shibboleth floor plans will be used as a base to creating these geometries. The CAD drawings will be stripped down (removing inanimate objects i.e. furniture etc) to reveal only boundary layers i.e. walls, floors, etc. These barriers are those in which occupants are unable to pass through. A sensitivity analysis of Simulex and Firewind WayOut models will be carried out. This requires some factor of validation data to be collected by varying single point of input data and analysing how greatly they affect the overall results. By independently altering all the required input data, it is possible to monitor the effect each of the inputs has on the model outputs. This analysis will be carried out for each of the models. Run a mock evacuation using the Simulex model. To achieve this all CAD drawing will be turned into DXF files and inputted into the model. Staircases and floor plans can be linked and occupants will be added relevant to the room sizes as uses (Occupant loading will be calculated for the building and agents will be calculated and added accordingly). Run a mock evacuation using the Firewind WayOut model. The CAD drawings will again be used to measure all lengths and areas in the building. The occupant loading will be kept similar to those used in the Simulex calculation. Carry out hand calculations for the building. The process which will be followed is provided in the SFPE Handbook (SFPE Handbook, Section 3, Chapter 14; Emergency Movement). All input data used will be maintained from the previous work carried out in the computer models. This enables a conclusion to be reached as to whether the innovative tool can be used under the performance based regulatory system and form part of a successful fire engineered solution. Gaining a clear understanding of such information will allow the user to evaluate the results in a more efficient manner. An exhaustive analysis of the output data produced by both movement models will be carried out by the author. A conclusion will then be reached as to whether the FDS+Evac model can provide similar data as the movement model selected as the comparative tool. As this Simulex model is used presently within the fire engineering community to perform evacuation analysis on a number of real projects, it can then be assumed that such a tool supports the engineers performance based design solution. The results will also provide the evidence which will be required to evaluate whether the FDS+Evac model takes into account the threat perceived by the occupants in close proximity to a fire event, and incorporates this into the evacuation time for these occupants. Scope and Limitations Only two models are being reviewed in the study. The university has both Firewind WayOut and Simulex available for use at present and no other models were available at the time this study was carried out. The Simulex model is not used extensively through the course at the university and as a result the user had limited experience in operating it at the time of the study. The modelling work, i.e. measurements of lengths and areas, was carried out entirely from the drawing provided; no site visits etc were made to the building. Only one scenario has been run to carry out the study, a greater timescale for the work would have allowed a more exhaustive study, i.e. greater test cases, to be carried out. As the methodologies in each of the models vary slightly, it was only possible to minimise the extent to which occupant characteristics varied, but it was not possible to eliminate it altogether. Literature Review Regulatory Perspective As architects, designers and engineers continue to push the boundaries of building design, the regulatory system in Scotland continues to move towards a more performance based system. This system allows all parties involved in the design stage a far greater amount of freedom, i.e. promote innovation and limit the impact of regulation (S. Kipp, 1999), when ensuring a building design meets the requirements of the relevant codes. Professionals working within the built environment are now able to incorporate much more of their experience and judgement when developing a design than when following the outdated prescriptive approach, which were conceived for typical buildings. As a result of this, a number of tools have been developed within each discipline which allows each innovative design to be exhaustively tested, ensuring an adequate level of safety is provided before they are incorporated into any building design. For a fire engineer, many of these tools require computational technologies to perform a number of these tasks. Fire modelling is becoming more and more involved in the design stage of many large and complex projects all over the world. A number of models are available, varying in complexity, to carry out any necessary analysis within a number of complex spaces. They allow engineers to evaluate many fire safety related features of a building design before they are finalised, and ensure that any areas of issues with the design can be resolve before a project reaches the construction phase, as altering designs at this point can be extremely expensive and time consuming for all parties. In the UK, the current emphasis for escape design sets out to limit the distance and therefore time in which occupants are subjected to surrounding which will increase the risk of alarm or injury. The current timeframe in which occupants should have to travel from their place or origin and reach a place of safety is 2 minutes 30 seconds. This time had been calculated as a factor of the maximum allowable travel distance and the average walking speed of an occupant. Storey exit widths are sized assuming a specific flow of 80 persons/minute/metre clear width and a flow time of 2.5 minutes (Boyce et al, 2009). The time which is required to clear a floor is an important factor which must be considered to achieve an effective fire safety engineered design. The functional standards allow an engineer to carry out comparative analysis between the required safe egress time (RSET) and the available safe egress time (ASET). A building is deemed to provide an acceptable solution if the time required for egress is less than the time available before conditions are judged untenable by some factor of safety. This requirement is subject to an exhaustive analysis being carried out by a suitable professional, on all aspects of the design which will affect occupant egress. Human Behaviour in Fires A lot of research has been undertaken within the fire engineering community to gain as much understanding as possible of the factors affecting human behaviour when occupants are faced with emergency evacuation procedures in the built environment. John L. Bryan has covered a lot of work studying person-fire interaction and how occupant awareness can affect pre-movement times D. Canter has done a lot of work in gathering data from a number of sources to paint a clearer picture of the evacuation process. E. R. Galea covered a study dealing with human behaviour during evacuation of the world trade centre attack in 2001. Jonathan D Sime has produced work dealing with peoples ability to way find in a building, his work has shown that it may be more effective to incorporate escape routes into the general circulation routes as this will increase occupant familiarity with evacuation routes. Lars Benthorn provided an insight into how people evaluate information and subsequently choose their escape path. There are many more professionals who have done excellent work in analysing human behaviour in emergency situations and all the information collected is useful as it can then be incorporated into the design of evacuation tools. Building evacuation takes on a number of stages and involves a timeframe from the incipient stage of a fire right through until the last occupant has reached a place of safety. Human behaviour can affect both pre-movement and movement times, therefore it is essential to have a clear understanding of how to adapt an evacuation design to maximise its potential in life safety terms. The time to evacuate a building is a combination of several stages, these stages are: Detection time; Alarm time; Pre-movement time, (this is a combination of recognition and response time); and Travel time. The time taken for each of these stages of the evacuation process is dependent on the occupants response and behaviour. Figure 1: Factors involved in assessing the total escape time. (CIBSE Guide E: Fire safety engineering design approaches, 4-7). Pre-movement Time Distribution The pre-movement time of a building is the time for occupants to react to the alarm signal and begin their evacuation process. There are many factors which can affect the pre-movement times of occupants and these will be highlighted later in this text. In multi storey, multiple use occupancies, such as the one selected as part of the study, it can be assumed that not all occupants will have comparable pre-movement times, and for this reason it is good practice to study the appropriate time distribution curves in order to provide an accurate account of an expected pre-movement time in a building simulation. Purser et al, 1999, suggest from their work that Once the first few occupants have begun to move, the pre-movement times for the remainder of the occupants in an enclosure tend to follow a logarithmic–normal frequency time distribution. The shape of the above curves follow a typical pre-movement tome distribution following what has been observed historically; the initial delay of start up highlights the time taken for the first of the occupants to make the preliminary movements towards their chosen exit. This is followed by a rapid increase in frequency as the majority of others tend to initiate their travel phase. The long tail of the curve illustrates the last remaining occupants who will begin their travel period which will signify the end of the total pre-movement phase of the evacuation process. The above distributions are fit well for open plan occupancies where occupants have a clear view of the majority of other persons in the premises. In a building hosting a large number of enclosures, it can be assumed that the time distribution will be far wider than shown in the above diagram. This is due to the limited visibility which would be available for occupants in such a premises; the herding effect as occupants will be reduced as they would have less chance of grouping together and following the actions of the first occupants who move. Purser et al, 1999 , suggests that a range of 20-30 minutes would be more suitable for a multi occupancy building with sleeping risk (such as the Shibboleth hotel tower used to carry out the study). Many different factors will influence how a person will react and the decisions they make will determine their evacuation process. It can be very difficult to obtain real evacuation behavior; real evacuations may be undertaken by people who are unaware of the actual urgency to escape. They may perceive the alarm as a drill (Jake Pauls, 2003) People are often unaware that the alarm they hear is not a false one and so they will proceed to evacuate as they see fit to do so. Stopping to gather up personal belongings or only beginning to evacuate when others around them do. People have both reaction times and pre-movement times, reaction time is the time taken to perceive the alarm and decide to take action; and the pre-movement time is the time that elapses while the occupant is preparing to leave. L. Benthorn (1999): People usually choose to leave a building the same way they came in, even if this is a poorer alternative than other available. Within the field of behavioural science, it is pointed out that people often choose the known before the unknown, which would explain the above behaviour. Occupants in a building will tend to head for the exit them came in through not only are they familiar with this exit it but it will lead them to a place they will recognise. This is particularly true for those people who are not familiar with their surroundings. People will continue to do this and follow the crowd until they are either faced with the fire or are given further information. It has been suggested that incorporating evacuation routes wherever possible into the main circulation routes at the design stage will aim to optimise the effectiveness of the evacuation strategy. This is due to the fact that occupants tend to use a familiar route. The occupant characteristics that should be considered in performing an evacuation analysis are listed below: Population numbers and Density The maximum potential load should be used to give a conservative estimation. The number of people using a building or space and their distribution will greatly affect the travel and flow speeds speed of occupants. Familiarity A persons familiarity and regular use of the building and its systems may cause them to respond differently. Competent users of the building will have prior knowledge of the nearest escape routes and they may have had the opportunity to have participated in drills. Those unfamiliar with the building will rely upon the knowledge of staff and the clarity of signage available, and may be less responsive to warning systems. Distribution and Activities Distribution will impact on movement speeds and density will impact on the ability to communicate instructions. Activities people are involved in will affect their initial response. Those who are dedicated to a task within a building will not necessarily be able stop their job on activation of the alarm system. Level of Alertness The commitment of people to their activity or their interaction with others can affect their awareness. A premise which holds a sleeping risk for occupants can be expected to have a delayed response time. Physical and Mental Ability Some occupants may rely entirely on assistance, disabled; those with a hearing disability or those with a visual disability may require special means of notification. Level of Mobility Affected by the age of occupants, age can influence the ability of an individual to independently make their way along an exit route and reach a place of safety within an acceptable timescale. It may also reduce an occupants ability to withstand exposure to smoke and other harmful bi-products of fire. Social Affiliation Behaviour will be strongly influenced with the interaction between occupants. Groups of people who have a social connection (i.e. parent and child who are separated within premises at the time of the fire event) will try and regroup before making their way to an exit. The time spend undertaking such an act may increase the level of risk for these occupants. Groups of evacuees try to stay together and the slowest member of the group influences their speed. Role and Responsibility Sufficiently, well-trained and authoritative staff will shorten the pre-movement phase of an evacuation process. An effective management plan followed by all members of staff will ensure this is provided within premises. Location Can influence a persons choice of exit and the time to notification. Travel distances will be affected by location. Commitment Those who are committed to their activity will be reluctant to respond to an alarm, especially if it means their task is to be started again. Responsiveness The extent to which a person is likely to respond to alarms, those who have previous experience of emergency situations may be less likely to respond quickly as they are aware of the most appropriate action to take. The Panic Theory When people, attempting to escape from a burning building pile up at a single exit, their behaviour appears highly irrational to someone who learns after the panic that other exits were available. To the actor in the situation who does not recognise the existence of these alternatives, attempting to fight his way to the only exit available may seem a very logical choice as opposed to burning to death. (Turner and Killian 1957) The concept of panic is attributed to occupants lack of knowledge about a fires existence before a fire reaches a size where it can seriously hamper the ease in which evacuees are able to escape. This can be due to a problem with the detection and alarm system installed within premises, or the lack of information available to occupants as they try and make their way to the relevant escape routes. The theory of panic is not an easy thing to define, yet a set of definitions are presented below: A sudden and excessive feeling of alarm or fear, usually affecting a body of persons, originating in some real or supposed danger, vaguely apprehended, and leading to extravagant and injudicious efforts to secure safety. (John L. Bryan 1984) A fear-induced flight behavior which is nonrational, nonadaptive, and nonsocial, which serves to reduce the escape possibilities of the group as a whole, (Kentucky State Police, 1977). In the stress of a fire, people often act inappropriately and rarely panic or behave irrationally. Such behavior, to a large extent, is due to the fact that information initially available to people regarding the possible existence of a fire and its size and location is often ambiguous or inadequate. (Ramachandran, 1990.) Affect of Alarm on Pedestrian Movement The type of detection and alarm system in a building can greatly affect the way in which occupants despond to the emergency signal, and this is turn will affect the response time of occupants. The level of information that occupants are provided with in the early stages of evacuation can influence their decision to evacuate. It has been common practice to use traditional ringing sounders within non-domestic premises in recent years. One drawback of using this form of alarm signal is that occupants are not being provided with any informative information regarding the fire event. Evacuees could benefit from a system which would inform them of a fires location and lets them know which evacuation route is the safest in terms of their location in the building. This is a difficult system to integrate into a building as fires are extremely unreliable and information is specific to a single fire scenario. Sounders themselves are not the most informative method of warning system; they convey little information and have been proven ineffective (Bob Choppen, 2003). Voice alarm systems are largely becoming a more acceptable mode of informing occupants of a fire occurrence in modern buildings. Large premises which are designed to cater mainly for the general public will benefit greatest from a voice alarm system. Occupants are fuelled with much more information of the emergency event than in the past using traditional alarm signals. Voice messages can convey a greater deal of information to the occupants. John L Bryan concluded from his research that the use of voice alarms/public announcements with an alarm bell was the most effective way of warning occupants. Ramachandran in his review of the research on human behaviour in fires in the UK since 1969 summarized the effectiveness of alarm bells as awareness cues: The response to fire alarm bells and sounders tends to be less than optimum. There is usually skepticism as to whether the noise indicated a fire alarm and if so, is the alarm merely a system test or drill? A lack of panic is attributed to a number of factors including: Insufficient seriousness of an emergency. Acceptance of staff responsibility to direct occupants to exits. Evacuation process is complete before occupants have come in sight or contact with fire and smoke. Panic was not initiated at exit paths due to sufficient exit widths being available, thus eliminating the chance for queuing to occur, i.e. little competition for similar exits by occupants. Human Stress Model. (University coursework notes, Evacuation Systems Design model; Powerpoint Presentation namely Human Behaviour in Fire (Slide 48/51), Dr. Iain Sanderson, 2008). Evacuation Modeling Evacuation models can help engineers prove that tenable conditions will be available to occupants for the timescale required for all occupants to reach a place of safety, which an element of safety built in. The total time for occupants for occupants from the time of detection and alarm, to the time for the last occupant to reach a place of safety, is called the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). This is traditionally compared with the time from fire ignition until tenable limits are exceeded, and conditions have reached a level where humans will be unable to continue their process of escape. This time is called the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). As long as RSET > ASET by some factor of safety, a building is deemed to provide an adequate level of safety for all occupants to escape in an emergency situation. Pedestrian movement models have typically fallen into two categories, one category dealt independently with movement and the other tried to connect both movement and human behaviour. S. Gwynne (1999) highlights the main approaches available of computer analysis models: Computer based analysis of evacuation can be performed using one of three different approaches, namely optimization, simulation and risk assessment. Furthermore, within each approach different means of representing the enclosure, the population and the behaviour of the population are possible. Movement models can be categorised in a number of forms; Ball bearing, Optimisation, Simulation or Risk Assessment models. Ball bearing / Gaseous This example of movement model treats its subjects as inanimate objects. Sometimes referred to as environmental determinism, subjects are unthinking individuals who respond only to external stimuli, thus human behaviour it not taken into account. Occupants are assumed to begin their evacuation instantly, with no regard to the time taken for detection, alarm and pre-movement times. Factors effecting occupant movement therefore only include physical considerations of the occupants and their surroundings (i.e. crowd densities, exit widths and travel speeds). Individual occupants are merged into units and their movement treats their egress on masse (S. Gwynne, 1999). A good example of a model which employs this type of methodology is Firewind, with its WayOut tool. Optimisation This form of pedestrian movement model deals with large crowds of people at the same time. Evacuees are treated as homogeneous groups, thus there are no independent characteristics for a particular individual. People are uniformly distributed; all exits will be equally shared. One of the best examples of this form of model is EVACNET. 6.5.3 Simulation These models try and take into account not only the physical characteristics of the space, but also consider some representation of human behaviour in emergency scenarios. They attempt to produce as an output the path and decisions taken my individuals during the evacuation process. Examples of this type of model include Simulex and buildingEXODUS. 6.5.4 Risk Assessment Model These models are an attempt to identify hazards associated with the evacuation of a building, be it due to the occupants or the building, and attempt to quantify the resultant risk. An example of this type of model would be Crisp, and WayOut. 6.5.6 Enclosure Representation Enclosure representation of the geometries created within a computer models can take on two forms; fine and course networks. Enclosures are subdivided into a number of zones which are interconnected with neighbouring zones, and the characteristics of each of these affect the parameters found in each on the adjoining cells. The detail and size of each of these zones determines which category a model shall fall into. NODE ARC NODEOne or more arcs connecting 2 nodes are called a Path. (John M Watts 1987). Definition of a network model is given by John M Watts (1987), A network models is a graphical representation of routes by which objects or energy may move from one point to another. 6.5.6.1 Fine Networks Models using this method divide the entire floor space of the enclosure into a selection of shapes or nodes. The size and shape of these nodes will vary for different models. The node is connected to its neighbouring node by an arc. Paths of individuals are tracked over time. Examples of such models include Bgraf, Egress, buildngExodus, Magnetmodel, Simulex and Vegas. 6.5.6.2 Coarse Networks Models following this form of enclosure representation do not allow individual occupants to be followed independently of other within the group. Single nodes represent large spaces, such as rooms and corridors. As evacuees moved from space to space, users will be unaware of their position in each node. A coarse network does not provide information regarding person-wall, person-person and pe

Faculty Attendance System Using Automatic Image Processing Essay

As technology grows fast, certain advancements are being developed nowadays and life is getting even better to live with. It makes every task as easy as possible and nothing seems too tiring if human tasks are aided with technology. It can be applied in any aspects of life. Computer technology would be the first on the list that provides great potential for improving effectiveness and efficiency of the information system. The use of computer has not become a major tool to simplify job and task. There is no doubt that computer technology has had a great impact on society and also brought many technical developments with it. It has brought many changes to the way we live as individual as well as members of societies and organizations. It has had major effects and changes on the economy, health, education, industry, agriculture and many other fields. The ability of computers in gathering, processing, presenting and sending large amount of information has had major changes in the way large organizations as well individuals organize their lives. Computers are at work, in schools and many other places. The human face plays an important role in our social interaction, conveying people’s identity. Using human face as a key to security, the biometrics face recognition technology has received significant attention in the past several years due to its potential for a wide variety of applications in both law enforcement and non-law enforcement. As compared with other biometrics systems using fingerprint/palm print and iris, face recognition has distinct advantages because of its non-contact process. Face images can be captured from a distance without touching the person being identified, and the identification does not require interacting with the person. In recent years, face recognition has attracted much attention and its research has rapidly expanded by not only engineers but also neuroscientists, since it has many potential applications in computer vision communication and automatic access control system. Especially, face detection is an important part of face recognition as the first step of automatic face recognition. However, face detection is not straightforward because it has lots of variations of image appearance, such as pose variation (front, non-front), cclusion, image orientation, illuminating condition and facial expression. With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, facial biometric recognition technology has become more sophisticated and perfect. As the world’s most cutting-edge biometric technology and image processing technology, facial biometric recognition technology will play a unique and irreplaceable role in today’s public security prevent, arrest fugitives, network security, financial security and many other areas. It is a milestone of development and progress of human society science and technology. It will be widely used in public security, aviation, ports, customs, banks, large enterprises, large-scale conferences, high-end clubs, important streets, docks and other places of security. It will bring revolutionary changes for safety defend and prevention of the current complicated domestic security situation. Face recognition serves the crime deterrent purpose because face images that have been recorded and archived can later help identify a person. Many citizens express concern that their privacy is being compromised by the use of surveillance technologies by corporations and the state. Some fear that it could lead to a total surveillance society, with the government and other authorities having the ability to know the whereabouts and activities of all citizens around the clock. This knowledge has, is and could continue to be deployed to prevent the lawful exercise of rights of citizens to criticize those in office, specific government policies or corporate practices. Many centralized power structures with such surveillance capabilities have abused their privileged access to maintain control of the political and economic apparatus and curtail populist reforms. Facial recognition can be used not just to identify an individual, but also to unearth other personal data associated with an individual – such as other photos featuring the individual, blog posts, social networking profiles, Internet behavior, travel patterns, etc. – all through facial features alone. Moreover, individuals have limited ability to avoid or thwart facial recognition tracking unless they hide their faces. This fundamentally changes the dynamic of day-to-day privacy by enabling any marketer, government agency, or random stranger to secretly collect the identities and associated personal information of any individual captured by the facial recognition system. Purpose and Description Nowadays, industry is experiencing many technological advancement and changes in methods of learning. With the rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find an easier and more effective system to help an organization or company. In spite of this matter, there are still business establishments and schools that use the old-fashioned way. In a certain way, one thing that is still in manual process is the recording of attendance. Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Dealing with this matter, the proponents thought of an easy way to do the checking of attendance. This study entitled is intended to develop an attendance monitoring system to be used inside the school vicinity of Batangas State University JPLPC Campus for better management of employees. We come up with a computerized attendance-monitoring system using image processing. It serves as a timed log-in/ log-out system that is set up as a computerized database. This system maintains a daily record of a faculty’s arrival and departure time from work. Aside from the records of time and date, our system features the name, position and the assigned number of each staff. So it also serves as an identification profile system. The system also protects the employees by providing the exact number of hours they worked, making it much more difficult for employers to cheat them out of their wages. This thesis features all important facts about our system as well as its importance.

Essay on The Weirdest Phobias

I know nothing about curing phobias. But with a little research, I have found out that fears of spiders, height and fire are not the most unusual at all. It turned out that there are weird phobias one can hardly believe in! I have not the slightest idea of how people, who suffer this kind of phobias, cope with the conditions, but some of the types of anxiety disorder are simply hilarious. How about Nomophobia? To speak more clearly, the case in point is about fear of being without mobile phone coverage. The name for this kind of anxiety disorder was coined a couple of years ago, on the basis of some researchers performed by the experts who have discovered this very phenomenon. In accordance with the most recent surveys, more than half of people in the United Kingdom of Great Britain suffer from Nomophobia. The fear is usually brought on the panic, which is caused by losing the signal, battery running out or, in some cases, even losing sight of the gadget. To continue our top phobias list, we proceed to the †¦ Papaphobia! The fear of the pope or the notion of papacy in general. This is a pretty uncommon type of phobia and is closely related to the fear of sacred and holy things – Hierophobia. To say more, Papaphobia is also related to the Hagiophobia that is an irrational and exaggerated fear of various holy things and saints. As a rule, this kind of phobias is triggered by the trauma that is usually associated with the pope. The next point in my list belongs to the Somniphobia. This type of fear comprises excessive and irrational phobia of falling asleep. The people, who suffer from this disorder, are afraid of falling asleep for the reason that they associate this process with death. Somniphobia may also result from suffering continuous nightmares or a feeling of lack of control. In addition to that, these individuals may also be afraid of losing time when sleeping in their beds. If your boyfriend or girlfriend is an Ombrophobe, you’re not going to have a romantic promenade in the rain. The point is that people called Ombrophobes have an abnormal fear of rain. Moreover, this type of phobias may even cause severe anxiety attacks. According to the researchers, this phobia is usually triggered by a great number of various factors, including the well known fact that kids are often warned that if they go out in the rain they will get ill. Besides that, many people tend to associate rain with autumn depression. To my personal viewpoint, one of the stupidest phobias that nowadays exist is the Pogonophobia. This type of anxiety disorder has been used since the 1850s to provide the most suitable description for the fear of beards. You won’t believe but there are individuals, who are afraid of small holes. As funny as it may sound, there is the type of phobias called Trypophobia. In accordance with the most recent findings, Trypophobia is not yet officially accepted anxiety disorder. Nevertheless, a lot of people from all parts of the globe suffer now from it. The brand-new researches revealed that small holes are usually associated with danger. Among the examples of the feared objects one should point out sponges, honeycomb and any plant that has small holes in it. This type of phobias has its symptoms that are the following: itchy skin, nausea and even severe panic attacks If you ever perform a research on the phobias that exist nowadays you will find out that one may be afraid of every single thing on Earth. To my mind, being afraid of something takes away the bright colors from our lives. Fear spoils a lot of fun!

Lululemon Market Research Essay - 1068 Words

Marketing 111 – Major Project 5. The Target Consumer †¢ Demographics Lululemon’s primary target customer is a sophisticated and educated woman who understands the importance of an active, healthy lifestyle. She is increasingly tasked with the dual responsibilities of career and family and is constantly challenged to balance her work, life and health. We believe she pursues exercise to achieve physical fitness and inner peace. As women have continued to embrace a variety of fitness and athletic activities, including yoga, we believe other athletic apparel companies are not effectively addressing their unique style, fit and performance needs. We believe we have been able to help address this void in the†¦show more content†¦By producing products that help keep people active and stress free, Lululemon’s brand stands for the belief that the world will be a better place. Setting the bar in technical fabrics and functional designs, the brand symbolizes innovation as a result of continuous research . †¢ Warranty and Service †¢ †¢ Before Distribution ï‚ § To ensure that they continue to provide our customers with advanced fabrics, our design team working closely with their suppliers to incorporate innovative fabrics that meet particular specifications into their product..In addition, to ensure the product quality of our fabric and its authenticity, we test our products using a leading testing facility. We also partner with a leading independent inspection, verification, testing and certification company, which conducts a battery of tests before each season on all of our fabrics across all product lines, testing for a variety of attributes including content, pilling, shrinkage, and color fastness. We collaborate with leading fabric suppliers to develop fabrics that we ultimately trademark for brand recognition whenever possible. †¢ After Distribution †¢ Strengths and Weaknesses †¢ Future Recommendations B. Price †¢ Pricing Strategy Lululemon’s Pricing Strategy aims to communicate to its guest that they are a brand that supports innovative, high quality apparel. Their items, specifically the Groove pant, is targeted at educated women with higher than average incomes, ThereforeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For The Company1489 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Lululemon is a company that has based itself around a value proposition of ethical production, healthy living and quality athletic gear designed to encourage and support an active lifestyle (Lululemon, 2014). Unfortunately for the company in the last year it has come under fire for a run of clothing that was far below their standard quality, and was in fact recalled for being too sheer (Peterson, 2013). This incident was exacerbated by CEO Chip Wilson’s comments that effectively blamedRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Lulu Lemon1390 Words   |  6 Pagesin the athletic wear market segment is because many consumers are becoming healthier or fit minded thanks to the fitness trend that is hitting the American frontier. Most consumers now a day would spend more money on higher quality products than they would of ten years ago, due to the improvements in the economy and rise in the fitness trends. Therefore, Lulu sees a pure opportunity and advantage by competing in the higher end at hletic wear compared to the more diluted market segment of lower qualityRead MoreThe Global Fitness And Athletic Clothing Stores1637 Words   |  7 Pages9 billion US dollars per annum (IBISWorld, 2015). Lululemon Athletica provides high quality apparel for the ever-growing global health conscious population (WHO | World Health Statistics 2015, 2016). A SWOT analysis (Appendix 1) illustrates potential and weakness of this hugely successful brand. Furthermore, environmental factors can play a role in the company s operations. Macro Environmental Factors – Demographics forces make up the market segments therefore it is an important factor to anyRead MoreMarketing Strategy For Lululemon Athletica Inc.1523 Words   |  7 Pagesexamining Lululemon Athletica Inc., there was more to the critical issues than addressing them. There was also the necessity to go beyond this and provide key alternatives that lululemon should consider in order to tackle these issues. Issues related to marketing, market structure for both consumers and products, quality control/supply chain, and major markets are difficult to change, but our group is confident in the alternatives we have identified and believe they can serve as a tool for Lululemon AthleticaRead MoreLululemon Athletica Analytic Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis #1 Problem Essay Lululemon Athletica Inc Samuel Ellison Presented for: Professor Kannangara Sunday, March 6th, 2016 BUSI4003 Introduction Lululemon Athletica Inc., founded in 1998 in Vancouver by Chip Wilson, is a company which designs and produces high-end yoga and technical athletic clothing. They have operated primarily in North America and Australia; their initial target customer was an educated woman who lives an active and healthy lifestyle. They opened their firstRead MoreLululemon701 Words   |  3 Pages[pic] Lululemon manifesto has themes such as do one thing a day that scares you, friends are more important than money and other inspirational sayings that create a large following for the company. The company gets its publicity from many marketing strategies including word of mouth. The company, According to Brittany Snow, Guest Educator at Lululemon focuses their marketing efforts on grassroots initiatives in the local communities and currently does very little print work. The popular manifestoRead MoreLululemon Athletica Inc. Case Analysis1506 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper commences by defining the problems that were faced by Lululemon Athletica Inc in 2013. After, the author explores the causes of the issues that the company was experiencing and the effects that they had on Lululemon Athletica Inc. The next step is to look at ways in which the issues could have been addressed both for the short-term and long-term. When all is said and done, the audience will fully appreciate why â€Å"Lululemon Athletica Inc should revert to its fundamentals – that is, to concentrateRead MoreA Report On The Marketing Movement Of The Women s Athletic Market1479 Words   |  6 PagesWilson saw his brand as a way to fill the void in the women’s athletic market. Lululemon’s mission statement is providing people with the components to live a longer, healthier, and more fun life. More stores expanded in the Vancouver area and in 2002 even expanded into the United States. By 2005, the company had 14 company-owned stores and one franchised store. By 2007, the company’s owners elected to take the company public. Lululemon proved to be a growing company. Chip Wilson stepped down from hisRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nikes The Modern Girl Of Sport And Fitness 1604 Words   |  7 PagesCoined the â€Å"Modern Girl of Sport and Fitness,† one of Nike’s increasingly profitable and rapidly growing consumer markets is young adult females who wis h to be comfortable and fashionable at both the gym and in their daily lives. This consumer base has also been characterized by the term â€Å"athleisure† – a combination of an athletic look with a comfortable and fashionable feel. This market continues to grow, with approximately â€Å"46 percent of women between the ages of 19 and 34† becoming more interestedRead MoreCase Study : Brand Image Over The Past Years Essay703 Words   |  3 Pages1) Brand Image – Over the past few years Lululemon has been scrutinized for their product quality and their founder, Chip Wilson’s, statements regarding these issues. This company’s products are premium priced and when consumers are paying around 10-25% more for their products versus their big competitors, they expect excellent quality products. After this fiasco, Lululemon’s reputation faltered and their sales growth was tremendously affected. Instead of addressing this quality control issue pr ofessionally

Essay on Analysis of Birches by Robert Frost - 811 Words

In the poem Birches by Robert Frost, Frost portrays the images of a child growing to adulthood through the symbolism of aging birch trees. Through these images readers are able to see the reality of the real world compared to there carefree childhood. The image of life through tribulation is the main focal point of the poem and the second point of the poem is if one could revert back to the simpler times of childhood. The language of the poem is entirely arranged through images, although it contains some diction it lacks sound devices, metaphors, and similes compared to other published works by Frost. The first half of the poems images are of life, coming of age, and death. The first three lines in the poem represent the image of†¦show more content†¦They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load, And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed is an image of someone who has aged but not passed on yet. So low for long, they never right themselves represents how they will never be able to relive their childhood. While the first half of the poem deals with the coming of age the second half of the poem deals with childhood and wanting to stay young for as long as possible. The first image of childhood by Frost is when Truth broke in With all her matter-of-fact about the ice storm, I should prefer to have some boy bend them. A boy bending the trees in stead of ice storm allows the tree to never age because they will always return to their original shape and never break by the burden of a load. This is further expressed By riding them down over and over again Until he took the stiffness out of them. Once the trees lose their stiffness t he boy can play on them repeatedly without having to worry about them breaking therefore if they never shatter or falling then youthfulness will always be his. Finally Frost talks about how he would like to go back to being a boy swinging and climbing on trees just as he did when he was younger by saying So was I once myself a swinger of birches. And so I dream of going back to be. Id like to get away from earth awhile And then come back to it and begin over. And life is too muchShow MoreRelatedEssay Analysis of Birches by Robert Frost824 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Birches by Robert Frost In the poem Birches by Robert Frost, Frost portrays the images of a child growing to adulthood through the symbolism of aging birch trees. Through these images readers are able to see the reality of the real world compared to their carefree childhood. The image of life through tribulation is the main focal point of the poem and the second point of the poem is if one could revert back to the simpler times of childhood. The language of the poem is entirelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Birches By Robert Frost1711 Words   |  7 PagesEarth. Robert Frost features this idea through his poem â€Å"Birches.† Frost discusses this idea through a falsehood, for, at first glance the meaning of the poem is significantly different than the deeper meaning. Although â€Å"Birches† seems to be about a child frolicking through the trees, Frost’s â€Å"Birches† is actually about how people act cruelly towards nature and how they should change their ways to respect th e earth, because the tenor, the form and vehicle, and critical interpretation. Robert Frost’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Birches 3014 Words   |  13 PagesThe most misinterpreted element in Robert Frost poetry is his use of nature in a symbolic way. Frost is not describing the inner workings of nature as we see it all around us, but about exploring human psychology. For example, Frost uses Homely farmers, rural scenes, landscapes, and the natural world to epitomize a psychological struggle with an everyday experience that is often met with courage, will, and purpose; contextually, using Frost’s own life and personal psychology. Frost’s attitude inRead MoreEssay on Hardships in Birches by Robert Frost1013 Words   |  5 PagesHardships in Birches by Robert Frost In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of Birches, enduring lifes hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between ones imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wantingRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Birches559 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Birches  Ã‚   The discursive blank-verse meditation Birches does not center on a continuously encountered and revealing nature scene; rather, it builds a mosaic of thoughts from fragments of memory and fantasy. Its vividness and genial, bittersweet speculation help make it one of Frosts most popular poems, and because its shifts of metaphor and tone invite varying interpretation it has also received much critical discussion, not always admiring. The poem moves back and forth betweenRead MoreThe Poetry Of Robert Frost3137 Words   |  13 Pagesexamine the poetry of Robert Frost for references to themes of nature, religion, and humanity and how they relate to each other. This exercise will be prefaced with a brief introduction to the man and his life as a segue to better understanding Frost’s verse. The unexpected but unavoidable aim of this composition will be to realize that Frost’s body of work is almost too sophisticated to comprehend, his manipulation of language so elusive that each reader may believe Frost is speaking only to themRead MoreEssay about The Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry3064 Words   |  13 PagesThe Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry Robert Frost’s nature poetry occupies a significant place in the poetic arts; however, it is likely Frost’s use of nature is the most misunderstood aspect of his poetry. While nature is always present in Frost’s writing, it is primarily used in a â€Å"pastoral sense† (Lynen 1). This makes sense as Frost did consider himself to be a shepherd. Frost uses nature as an image that he wants us to see or a metaphor that he wants us to relate to on a psychologicalRead MoreWinter: A Magical Time of Year809 Words   |  3 Pagesand the cold weather. Winter is a great time to just sit inside by a fire and read a book. The peace and quiet of winter is also what makes it one of the best seasons of the year. The analysis of the following poems â€Å"Now Winter Nights Enlarge† by Thomas Campion, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost, â€Å"Like Brooms of Steel† by Emily Dickinson, â€Å"Winter Morning† by William Jay Smith, â€Å"Winter: 10 degrees† by Barbara Novack, and â€Å"Winter Sunday† by Mark Wunderlich will show how they areRead MoreModern Cinem Mise En Scene2125 Words   |  9 PagesWhite captivates when winter strikes with its fierce frigid air, leaving those in its reach stuck in the â€Å"nothing that is not there and the nothing that is.† The only so lution of winter’s enclosure is the sweet escape of an affectionate sun. Passage Analysis (Passage Two) Karen Tei Yamshita’s Tropic of Orange offers unique insight into the minds of seven curiously connected individuals. One such individual, Buzzworm, brings a confidently optimistic outlook for the future of his neighborhood in L.ARead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, until

The Mall as Prison Free Essays

Author David Guterson, journalist and novelist, spent a week in The Mall of America on assignment for Harpers Magazine. His essay, â€Å"The Mall as Prison†, tells his views on the Mall as a psychological effect on today’s society. He uses witty and sarcastic comments to get his point across. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mall as Prison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is American culture being corrupted by what Americans consider a retail structure that is vital to the survival of our needs? He gives different aspects of why our view of a market place is distraction. Guterson makes judgments in this essay about the Mall and the American culture. Honestly I think that he needs to get with the times and accept this new evolution of shopping. Guterson starts with statistics and facts on the Mall as a retail complex. Opened in the summer of 1992, the mall was conveniently located close to the Minneapolis- St. Paul Airport. How ironically placed. He starts to question the Mall and it’s creators. Was this Mall a tourist attraction? Or a zone of entertainment that is easily accessible to all types of people? Being a male, I feel that Guterson does not fully appreciate the resources found in this mall. Therefore, this is why he reacting negatively to the Mall. This Mall was designed to not only be a mall, but to also be a tourist attraction that would draw a diversity of different people. Guterson talks about the look and atmosphere affecting the human psychology in the mind to think the situation was suitable. You should go into the mall with the intentions of shopping not with the intent of losing yourself in the mall’s design and structure. Guterson argues that communal areas should be built more for the intention of â€Å"eternal desire for discourse and intimacy†. Our society has lost our goals for what the marketplace should be. These goals cannot be accomplished in giant shopping malls, according to Guterson. Guterson’s only example of the types of people who enjoy shopping at the Mall, is a conversation that I feel is quite cliche and biased. He uses a conversation between two young women named Kathleen and Laura. The conversation is short but says a lot about the types of people who shop at the Mall. They explain that shopping to them is a â€Å"sickness† or a â€Å"drug†. Laura says: â€Å" Seriously, I feel sorry for other malls. They’re so small and boring. What does this idea say about today’s youth views on malls and their expectations? Do all malls have to be like The Mall of America? The fact that the Mall is so big, it gives it a special characteristic that no other mall can achieve. Not every trip to the mall has to be above and beyond. According to records, â€Å"Rural Americans traditionally looked forward to the excitement and sensuality of market day. † (Guterson 289) In the past, there were boundaries for market places. Today, anything entertaining is good enough. The Mall, according to Guterson, is not even a market place at all. He considers it a tourist attraction. The Mall is supposed to be greater than any other mall or tourist attraction. It is supposed to be both. The idea that The Mall of America is a cultural image is not even the word Guterson would use to explain this marvel. The mall has everything you would ever imagine in a theme park, mall, or institution. Anything from marriages to shootings happen in the Mall. Extreme malls aren’t stopping in just the United States. Japan is planning on building a $400 million dollar mall complete with an ice rink, a water park, a fantasy-theme hotel, three breweries, waterfalls, and a sports center. The concept of shopping will never cease. Every megamall will try and out-do the last. Malls of the world will continue to grow bigger and bigger. Who knew that a place with no windows or clocks would be so claustrophobic yet popular? Who knew that a place selling everything imaginable would be the one of many centers of the United States’ economy? Who knew that this fantasy of a megamall would stimulate something so powerful as to inspire psychological dependence to spending money? No one would have seen it coming. But now that its here, do we take it for granted? Do we abuse our rights as humans with free will? Guterson argues these points but does not make his conclusions clear. Ending in a sarcastic remark about the Mall’s theme park, â€Å"Camp Snoopy†, I feel he does not conclude his thoughts to his essay. As for the future of megamalls? They will never stop impressing the public eye. But Guterson believes that we need to stay on track with our priorities. Guterson explains, â€Å"I already knew that the Mall of America had been imagined by its creator not merely as a marketplace but as a national tourist attraction, an immense zone of entertainment. (Guterson 288) He sees the Mall as a distracting aspect of our society. Guterson makes judgment in this essay about the Mall of America and more broadly about American culture. He also talks about the building of The Mall of America as a tourist attraction and how the mall is degrading the art of architecture because it’s a waste of a building. Guterson has good credentials that make his opinion reliable, but I feel that he needs to look at the positive aspects that the Mall has for the economy and the United States wealth systems. His opinion is respected, but he needs to appreciate what megamalls have offered the world. How to cite The Mall as Prison, Essay examples

Polit and Beck Framework Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically Evaluate the Research Elements using the Critical Evaluation tool with reference to a range of recent, relevant and Scholarly Literature. Answer: Introduction: Different types of critical appraisal frameworks have been provided by different researchers over time which had been of immense important of nursing students. Some of them are the Polit and Beck framework which helps in evaluating the main components of both qualitative as well as quantitative studies. The framework sets of questions for each component helping the students to follow a sequential step to critic a paper. Another tool that is also used as well as referred by eminent researchers is the Casp tool (Ulman, Cookie Rickard, 2015). It has separate form of checklists for systematic tools; randomized trial, case control checklist and many others. Since it has separate checklist for different studies, it often helps in getting accurate answers and thereby helps the student to arrange her critical appraisal in the best accurate and up to date information. The journal Annals of Emergency Medicine is a journal that mainly publishes works of eminent researchers in the field of emer gency medicine mainly but also includes works in pediatric emergency, disaster management, health policy, toxicology and many others. Although is the official journal of American college of Emergency Physicians, yet it invited interesting researchers internationally. Science Citation Index states that it has the highest votes among all its competitors stating that it is the best among the 25 competitors it has in emergency medicine. The impact factor which the commonest form of measurement of influence is 5.0008 which is quite high among all its contemporaries competing in the market for 9.6 years whereas it nearest competitor is only 5.1 years old. Therefore the journal can be trusted and would be selected. The author Dr. Simon Budgen is the Emergency physician of the Caboolture Hospital coming under the Metro north hospitals and the Health Service. He conducts a research team and always remains in search of finding out new ways to reduce various difficulties occurring in Emergency departments. He had stated that australin hospitals provide 10 million and US hospitals provide 300 million IV lines and hence his new research is found to help in dislodgement of the device giving a path breaking idea to overcome difficulties in placing such device in patients. Title and abstract: The title of the paper had been apt as it gives an idea about the research aim and the result that the researchers have obtained. The aim was clearly describes with the headings as goal thereby helping a reader to get an idea about the initiatives of the researchers. The abstract was short but had all proper information about the trial that the research team had conducted with the correct procedures and covering the important findings in short (Farris et al., 2015). Structuring of the study: The research has a negative aspect in the sense that it did not provided a proper literature review about the issue that the researchers have depicted in the case. A literature review often sets the tone of the research by accumulating the different information about the issue that had been found out by different researchers over the years. Not only the work of the other researchers, it also forms a background depicting why the issue has become a concern in the present days. The researchers have only provided a short paragraph where they have paid importance to the different effects that failure of proper dislodgement of the IV lines can result in. however the researchers have provided a literature review in order to express the concerns of other researchers and what they feel about the issue and also the different works that they have done in the field. The brief part that the authors have provided consisted of very few references (Zhang et al., 2016). The articles that they have se lected are all recent articles and hence the information provided is mostly recent and therefore has high level of credibility. Only four of them are found to be older than 2010 but are after 2005. Hence very old articles are completely excluded. This is a very good aspect as it shows that the information they have included are recent and thereby increases the strength of the research. Moreover, the short paragraph that they have provided as importance only creates the background which supports the research that they have concluded but does not shed any light about the works that other authors have done to prevent the failure of the IV lines. They have not also highlighted the other methods like polyurethrane dressing tape that have been used for long and why they are not enough to support the peripheral intravenous catheters (Edwards et al., 2014). The investigation was mainly carried out by dividing the patients into a control group with devices attached by only polyurethrane dres sing tape and the other group which include the application of both polyurethrane dressing tape and skin glue that is composed of cyanoacrylate glue. The entire procedure could not be approached in a blinded manner as the glue was colored and could be easily understood. The method selected by the authors was not only easy and created less discomfort for the patients. The author had also provided a picturesque view of the tracking of the patients who had enrolled for the test and also shows the number of patients who had been analyzed to get the results. The researcher has correctly established the relationship between attachment by the use of glue with that of proper placement and safe procedure of peripheral intravenous catheter and therefore although they had not mentioned any hypothesis but they have rightly designed a method which will help them to gain ideas about the topics. Sample: The patients were selected depending upon proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. The criteria were properly mentioned that helped the readers in understanding the types of patients that they have not taken like agitated patients. Agitated patients have strength to forcefully remove the catheter even when skin glue is provided and such instances were correctly excluded (Reynolds et al., 2015). The sample was described at the patients who required hospitals after emergency admissions and those who were discharged were excluded. A tracking data was provided which showed clearly the number of patients at the enrollment, allocation, follow up as well as analysis which helped in understanding the number of patients who had been included in the research. However total number of patients was not mentioned in the sampling section but again mentioned in result section thereby showing a disorganized approach in jotting down information. Data collection: It has been astonishing to see that such an interesting paper published completely lacks a properly explained data collection method. It had been already seen that the study has not followed a proper procedure that is important to be included in recent nursing journals. They have not clearly stated and described their data collection method. However they have put some amount of information in the sample; paragraph where they have stated that there were three important nurses out of whom one of them were always on spot to carry a screening procedure. These three trained ED nurses were engaged in the screening technique for about 16 hours in each day for 7 days a week. The entire screening mechanism was not at all discussed and as a result it becomes difficult to assess the strength of the experiments (Ricahrd et al., 2015). Moreover, it cannot be also understood the type of screening that they had used and whether they have thoroughly followed the procedure in great details. Therefore , it is a negative aspect of the research article as the data collection method is clearly not stated and therefore one cannot develop the authenticity of the procedure. Therefore information about the instruments, the measurement procedure, and the reliability on these factors could not be assessed. It was only noted that the nurse had conducted chat reviews, standard patient questionnaire and also direct visualization. However, it was again inserted into outcome session rather than incorporating it into the data collection section (Heinrichs et al., 2013). Data analysis: The data analysis was conducted entirely in the software based programs on the ipad with the help of form connect software which was subsequently exported to Stata version. However, before that complete details have been provided in the form of primary outcomes which showed that the rate of PICV failure within 48 hours to be higher in control groups than in the intervention groups. In the data analysis section, all the important information like sample size of each group (174), 80 % power (alpha= .05), 11% and 4% failure rate in control and intravenous groups, all were incorporated in the software. Unit of measurement, analysis blanks were all filled up in the software. Absolute differences of the outcome rates were calculated with 95% confidence. A detailed report had been provided which showed that each and every symptom like phlebitis, dislodgement, occlusion, infection al were very less in case of intervention groups. They have also provided the data in a detailed version so that there remains no confusion among the readers (Shookoohi et al., 2013). The data analysis part is very apt with the entire research procedure as it had helped correctly in linking with the main question that whether skin glue is effective in reducing PICV failure in patients (Reynold et al., 2015). Findings: The findings of the result are much expected and occurred according to the guesses and expectation of the researchers. All the secondary as well as primary outcomes were clearly backed up by the data that had been provided by the software as all the important symptoms were correctly measured against the confident level and had shown that the data had been supporting the researchers claims (Marsh et al., 2015). The results were clearly stated and each had shown that the rate had decreased with the introduction of skin glue in the intervention group. Limitation shad also been clearly stated by the researchers themselves where they had described the limitations in details. First limitation was that it was not blinded but the situation of the experiment is such that blinding could give no important result as the glue was colored and could be seen by everybody. Different types of sclerotic medications, anticoagulants, unmeasured dwell times, catheter accesses were not properly addressed a nd hence it acted as limitations. Direct visualization was not conducted to patients who got discharge and they were talked over telephone. This might also have led to different information and might have different effects on the main result (Sabri et al., 2013). The researchers have clearly implicated those how such results many help in providing the better healthcare environment ensuring not only safety for the patients but also ensures less staff time for each of the patients. He has provided a detailed discussion about how such use of skin glue can actively help in developing a secure healthcare practice that will harm to patients when much time is provided by the staffs in resetting the catheter in emergency situation increasing the risk of the threats for the patients in emergency situation. Conclusion: The entire paper is considered to be an important contribution in the field f emergency medicine where it has helped in solving major issue that has been faced by different healthcare practitioners in the emergency department. Therefore use of skin glue that is mainly used in developing the condition of wounds, cut and others in the attachment of the PIVC with that of the patients so that failure does not occur in the first 48 hours. This will reduce not only excess cost of attaching it to the patients but also ensures less infection, phlebitis, occlusion and others. This promotes the overall health of the patients and provides patient satisfaction. Relevance with clinical studies: According to Helm et al., (2015), a large number of complications are associated with the failure of catheter. Even some best of the hands often contribute to such failure and the failure rate is considered to be ranging from 35% to that of 50% as well. The cost associated with the insertion of the catheter, the other practices associated with it like dressing, needless connector, dedicated stabilization device and also extension tubing have a high cost (Keogh et al., 2016). Now, when such a costly procedure fails, the cost of identifying, removing, reinserting the failed catheter needs to be applied and as a result the associated cost also increases to a high extent. A failure of one such peripheral intravenous catheter initiates a negative cycle which includes removal of catheter as well as its reinsertions and moreover this gain increases the risk of failure for each subsequent catheter (Webster et al., 2015). In course of time the situations get worsen leading to the need of repl acement for risky, invasive as well as costly venous access devices. Researchers have noted several catheter related disorders that hampers the health of the patients and only increase the disease burden affecting quality health of patients (Helm et al., 2015). They have mentioned disorders like catheter related phlebitis, infiltration, occlusion or mechanical failure, dislodgement of catheter and other related microbial infections. Over the years, a large number of different techniques have been taken but that had only acted as compensatory for the shortcomings of the failure of catheters. Such techniques which are used are the prevention of the needle sticks mainly by the use of safety needle containment devices along with adhesive film dressings. Others include application of add-on devices. These were thought to improve secure-ment and at the same time will help in decreasing vessel trauma. However, this process had not been enough successful and patient satisfaction could not b e met (Maylon et al., 2014). Use of antimicrobial-impregnated dressings of the catheter along with that of the adjuncts was also tried but results have not been satisfactory. Therefore this had resulted scientists to be in a state of concern about how to provide the best cost effective service to that of the patients that will not only be safe but ill also ensure that long-term peripheral IV catheter care. Hence the new way that had been provided by the authors of the paper had been found to correctly refer to each of the adverse situations that arise from failures of the catheter and had correctly covered them with their own interventions of applying skin glue (Wallis et al., 2014). These interventions had been seen to reduce the rate of such symptoms occurring in patients and ensure the decrease in rate of failures making emergency department more secured and more efficient towards service of patient. References: Edwards, M., Rickard, C. M., Rapchuk, I., Corley, A., Marsh, N., Spooner, A. J., ... Fraser, J. F. (2014). A pilot trial of bordered polyurethane dressings, tissue adhesive and sutureless devices compared with standard polyurethane dressings for securing short-term arterial catheters.Critical Care and Resuscitation,16(3), 175. Farris, M. K., Petty, M., Hamilton, J., Walters, S. A., Flynn, M. A. (2015). Medical Adhesive-Related Skin Injury Prevalence Among Adult Acute Care Patients: A Single-Center Observational Study.Journal of Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing,42(6), 589-598. Heinrichs, J., Fritze, Z., Vandermeer, B., Klassen, T., Curtis, S. (2013). Ultrasonographically guided peripheral intravenous cannulation of children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of emergency medicine,61(4), 444-454. Helm, R. E., Klausner, J. D., Klemperer, J. D., Flint, L. M., Huang, E. (2015). Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure.Journal of Infusion Nursing,38(3), 189-203. Keogh, S., Flynn, J., Marsh, N., Mihala, G., Davies, K., Rickard, C. (2016). Varied flushing frequency and volume to prevent peripheral intravenous catheter failure: a pilot, factorial randomised controlled trial in adult medical-surgical hospital patients.Trials,17(1), 348. Malyon, L., Ullman, A. J., Phillips, N., Young, J., Kleidon, T., Murfield, J., Rickard, C. M. (2014). Peripheral intravenous catheter duration and failure in paediatric acute care: a prospective cohort study.Emergency Medicine Australasia,26(6), 602-608. Marsh, N., Webster, J., Flynn, J., Mihala, G., Hewer, B., Fraser, J., Rickard, C. M. (2015). Securement methods for peripheral venous catheters to prevent failure: a randomised controlled pilot trial.The journal of vascular access,16(3), 237-244. Reynolds, H., Taraporewalla, K., Tower, M., Rickard, C. M. (2015). Assessment of dressing and securement techniques for peripheral arterial catheters: a narrative review.Vascular Access,1(1), 21. Reynolds, H., Taraporewalla, K., Tower, M., Mihala, G., Tuffaha, H. W., Fraser, J. F., Rickard, C. M. 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